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Wave optics, also known as physical optics, treats light as an electromagnetic wave. It is essential for understanding phenomena that cannot be explained by simple ray models, such as interference, diffraction, and polarization.
Maxwell's Equations
A set of differential equations describing the space and time dependence of the electromagnetic field and forming the basis of classical electrodynamics. These equations can be used to describe all electromagnetic phenomena, including light propagation.
Daví, F. & Rinaldi, D. (2015) Mechanical and Optical Properties of Anisotropic Single-Crystal Prisms. Journal of elasticity. [Online] 120 (2), 197–224.